Category: Material Stock

What are the sizes and dimensions of commonly available material stock you can work with as a design starting point as a mechanical design engineer?

Pipe material stock sizes?

Tubing sizes?

Material variations?

Grades of Steel?

Chemistry of steel?

Grades of castings?

Mechanical properties of various grades of material?

Drill sizes?

Tap size?

How machinable are different grades of material?  Can you easily produce the design?

Find out some of the materials and tools you can use by exploring material grade, chemistry, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.  These are a useful guideline, but always remember to do your own research as well.

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Hardness and Tensile Strength of Steels: Brinell and Rockwell Scales

Following is an estimate of the relationship between various hardness scales and the tensile strength of standard steels.  It should be considered as a general comparison not applicable to all materials:

Hardness Conversion Table

Brinell Hardness Rockwell Hardness Scales
Tungsten Carbide Ball 3000 KG A Scale 60 kg B Scale 100 kg C Scale 150 kg Tensile Stength (approx.)
– 86 – 68 –
– 85 – 68 –
– 85 – 67 –
767 85 – 66 –
757 84 – 66 –
745 84 – 65 –
733 84 – 65 –
722 83 – 64 –
712 83 – 64 –
710 83 – 63 –
698 83 – 62 –
684 82 – 62 –
682 82 – 62 –
670 82 – 61 –
656 81 – 60 –
653 81 – 60 –
647 81 – 60 –
638 81 – 59 329,000
630 81 – 59 324,000
627 80 – 59 323,000
601 80 – 57 309,000
578 79 – 56 297,000
555 78 – 55 285,000
534 78 – 54 274,000
514 77 – 52 263,000
495 76 – 51 253,000
477 76 – 50 243,000
461 75 – 48 235,000
444 74 – 47 225,000
429 73 – 46 217,000
415 73 – 44 210,000
401 72 – 43 202,000
388 71 – 42 195,000
375 71 – 40 188,000
363 70 – 39 182,000
352 69 – 38 176,000
341 69 – 37 170,000
331 68 – 36 166,000
321 68 – 34 160,000
311 67 – 33 155,000
302 66 – 32 150,000
293 66 – 31 145,000
285 65 – 30 141,000
277 65 – 29 137,000
269 64 – 28 133,000
262 64 – 27 129,000
255 63 – 25 126,000
248 62 – 24 122,000
241 62 100 23 118,000
235 61 99 22 115,000
229 61 98 20 111,000
223 – 97 20 –
217 – 96 18 105,000
212 – 96 17 102,000
207 – 95 16 100,000
201 – 94 15 98,000
197 – 93 – 95,000
192 – 92 – 93,000
187 – 91 – 90,000
183 – 90 – 89,000
179 – 89 – 87,000
174 – 88 – 85,000
170 – 87 – 83,000
167 – 86 – 81,000
163 – 85 – 79,000
156 – 83 – 76,000
149 – 81 – 73,000
143 – 79 – 71,000
137 – 76 – 67,000
131 – 74 – 65,000
126 – 72 – 63,000
121 – 70 – 60,000
116 – 68 – 58,000
111 – 66 – 56,000
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Drill Size Chart – Standard Fractional, Letter, Gauge and Metric

Why do you need a Drill Size Chart?  Because what the hell is the diameter of a size “F” drill bit?

Drill size Diameter (in) Diameter (mm)
#107 0.0019 0.0483
0.05 mm 0.0020 0.0500
#106 0.0023 0.0584
#105 0.0027 0.0686
#104 0.0031 0.0787
#103 0.0035 0.0889
#102 0.0039 0.0991
0.1 mm 0.0039 0.1000
#101 0.0043 0.1092
#100 0.0047 0.1194
#99 0.0051 0.1295
#98 0.0055 0.1397
#97 0.0059 0.1499
#96 0.0063 0.1600
#95 0.0067 0.1702
#94 0.0071 0.1803
#93 0.0075 0.1905
0.2 mm 0.0079 0.2000
#92 0.0079 0.2007
#91 0.0083 0.2108
#90 0.0087 0.2210
#89 0.0091 0.2311
#88 0.0095 0.2413
#87 0.0100 0.2540
#86 0.0105 0.2667
#85 0.0110 0.2794
#84 0.0115 0.2921
0.3 mm 0.0118 0.3000
#83 0.0120 0.3048
#82 0.0125 0.3175
#81 0.0130 0.3302
#80 0.0135 0.3429
#79 0.0145 0.3680
1/64 in 0.0156 0.3969
0.4 mm 0.0158 0.4000
#78 0.0160 0.4064
#77 0.0180 0.4572
0.5 mm 0.0197 0.5000
#76 0.0200 0.5080
#75 0.0210 0.5334
#74 0.0225 0.5715
0.6 mm 0.0236 0.6000
#73 0.0240 0.6096
#72 0.0250 0.6350
#71 0.0260 0.6604
0.7 mm 0.0276 0.7000
#70 0.0280 0.7112
#69 0.0292 0.7417
#68 0.0310 0.7874
1/32 in 0.0313 0.7938
0.8 mm 0.0315 0.8000
#67 0.0320 0.8128
#66 0.0330 0.8382
#65 0.0350 0.8890
0.9 mm 0.0354 0.9000
#64 0.0360 0.9144
#63 0.0370 0.9398
#62 0.0380 0.9652
#61 0.0390 0.9906
1 mm 0.0394 1.0000
#60 0.0400 1.0160
#59 0.0410 1.0414
#58 0.0420 1.0668
#57 0.0430 1.0922
1.1 mm 0.0433 1.1000
#56 0.0465 1.1811
3/64 in 0.0469 1.1906
1.2 mm 0.0472 1.2000
1.3 mm 0.0512 1.3000
#55 0.0520 1.3208
#54 0.0550 1.3970
1.4 mm 0.0551 1.4000
1.5 mm 0.0591 1.5000
#53 0.0595 1.5113
1/16 in 0.0625 1.5875
1.6 mm 0.0630 1.6000
#52 0.0635 1.6129
1.7 mm 0.0669 1.7000
#51 0.0670 1.7018
#50 0.0700 1.7780
1.8 mm 0.0709 1.8000
#49 0.0730 1.8542
1.9 mm 0.0748 1.9000
#48 0.0760 1.9304
5/64 in 0.0781 1.9844
#47 0.0785 1.9939
2 mm 0.0787 2.0000
#46 0.0810 2.0574
#45 0.0820 2.0828
2.1 mm 0.0827 2.1000
#44 0.0860 2.1844
2.2 mm 0.0866 2.2000
#43 0.0890 2.2606
2.3 mm 0.0906 2.3000
#42 0.0935 2.3749
3/32 in 0.0938 2.3813
2.4 mm 0.0945 2.4000
#41 0.0960 2.4384
#40 0.0980 2.4892
2.5 mm 0.0984 2.5000
#39 0.0995 2.5273
#38 0.1015 2.5781
2.6 mm 0.1024 2.6000
#37 0.1040 2.6416
2.7 mm 0.1063 2.7000
#36 0.1065 2.7051
7/64 in 0.1094 2.7781
#35 0.1100 2.7940
2.8 mm 0.1102 2.8000
#34 0.1110 2.8194
#33 0.1130 2.8702
2.9 mm 0.1142 2.9000
#32 0.1160 2.9464
3 mm 0.1181 3.0000
#31 0.1200 3.0480
3.1 mm 0.1221 3.1000
1/8 in 0.1250 3.1750
3.2 mm 0.1260 3.2000
#30 0.1285 3.2639
3.3 mm 0.1299 3.3000
3.4 mm 0.1339 3.4000
#29 0.1360 3.4544
3.5 mm 0.1378 3.5000
#28 0.1405 3.5687
9/64 in 0.1406 3.5719
3.6 mm 0.1417 3.6000
#27 0.1440 3.6576
3.7 mm 0.1457 3.7000
#26 0.1470 3.7338
#25 0.1495 3.7973
3.8 mm 0.1496 3.8000
#24 0.1520 3.8608
3.9 mm 0.1535 3.9000
#23 0.1540 3.9116
5/32 in 0.1563 3.9688
#22 0.1570 3.9878
4 mm 0.1575 4.0000
#21 0.1590 4.0386
#20 0.1610 4.0894
4.1 mm 0.1614 4.1000
4.2 mm 0.1654 4.2000
#19 0.1660 4.2164
4.3 mm 0.1693 4.3000
#18 0.1695 4.3053
11/64 in 0.1719 4.3656
#17 0.1730 4.3942
4.4 mm 0.1732 4.4000
#16 0.1770 4.4958
4.5 mm 0.1772 4.5000
#15 0.1800 4.5720
4.6 mm 0.1811 4.6000
#14 0.1820 4.6228
#13 0.1850 4.6990
4.7 mm 0.1850 4.7000
3/16 in 0.1875 4.7625
4.8 mm 0.1890 4.8000
#12 0.1890 4.8006
#11 0.1910 4.8514
4.9 mm 0.1929 4.9000
#10 0.1935 4.9149
#9 0.1960 4.9784
5 mm 0.1969 5.0000
#8 0.1990 5.0546
5.1 mm 0.2008 5.1000
#7 0.2010 5.1054
13/64 in 0.2031 5.1594
#6 0.2040 5.1816
5.2 mm 0.2047 5.2000
#5 0.2055 5.2197
5.3 mm 0.2087 5.3000
#4 0.2090 5.3086
5.4 mm 0.2126 5.4000
#3 0.2130 5.4102
5.5 mm 0.2165 5.5000
7/32 in 0.2188 5.5563
5.6 mm 0.2205 5.6000
#2 0.2210 5.6134
5.7 mm 0.2244 5.7000
#1 0.2280 5.7912
5.8 mm 0.2284 5.8000
5.9 mm 0.2323 5.9000
A 0.2340 5.9436
15/64 in 0.2344 5.9531
6 mm 0.2362 6.0000
B 0.2380 6.0452
6.1 mm 0.2402 6.1000
C 0.2420 6.1468
6.2 mm 0.2441 6.2000
D 0.2460 6.2484
6.3 mm 0.2480 6.3000
1/4 in 0.2500 6.3500
E 0.2500 6.3500
6.4 mm 0.2520 6.4000
6.5 mm 0.2559 6.5000
F 0.2570 6.5278
6.6 mm 0.2598 6.6000
G 0.2610 6.6294
6.7 mm 0.2638 6.7000
17/64 in 0.2656 6.7469
H 0.2660 6.7564
6.8 mm 0.2677 6.8000
6.9 mm 0.2717 6.9000
I 0.2720 6.9088
7 mm 0.2756 7.0000
J 0.2770 7.0358
7.1 mm 0.2795 7.1000
K 0.2810 7.1374
9/32 in 0.2813 7.1438
7.2 mm 0.2835 7.2000
7.3 mm 0.2874 7.3000
L 0.2900 7.3660
7.4 mm 0.2913 7.4000
M 0.2950 7.4930
7.5 mm 0.2953 7.5000
19/64 in 0.2969 7.5406
7.6 mm 0.2992 7.6000
N 0.3020 7.6708
7.7 mm 0.3032 7.7000
7.8 mm 0.3071 7.8000
7.9 mm 0.3110 7.9000
5/16 in 0.3125 7.9375
8 mm 0.3150 8.0000
O 0.3160 8.0264
8.1 mm 0.3189 8.1000
8.2 mm 0.3228 8.2000
P 0.3230 8.2042
8.3 mm 0.3268 8.3000
21/64 in 0.3281 8.3344
8.4 mm 0.3307 8.4000
Q 0.3320 8.4328
8.5 mm 0.3347 8.5000
8.6 mm 0.3386 8.6000
R 0.3390 8.6106
8.7 mm 0.3425 8.7000
11/32 in 0.3438 8.7313
8.8 mm 0.3465 8.8000
S 0.3480 8.8392
8.9 mm 0.3504 8.9000
9 mm 0.3543 9.0000
T 0.3580 9.0932
9.1 mm 0.3583 9.1000
23/64 in 0.3594 9.1281
9.2 mm 0.3622 9.2000
9.3 mm 0.3661 9.3000
U 0.3680 9.3472
9.4 mm 0.3701 9.4000
9.5 mm 0.3740 9.5000
3/8 in 0.3750 9.5250
V 0.3770 9.5758
9.6 mm 0.3780 9.6000
9.7 mm 0.3819 9.7000
9.8 mm 0.3858 9.8000
W 0.3860 9.8044
9.9 mm 0.3898 9.9000
25/64 in 0.3906 9.9219
10 mm 0.3937 10.0000
X 0.3970 10.0838
Y 0.4040 10.2616
13/32 in 0.4063 10.3188
Z 0.4130 10.4902
10.5 mm 0.4134 10.5000
27/64 in 0.4219 10.7156
11 mm 0.4331 11.0000
7/16 in 0.4375 11.1125
11.5 mm 0.4528 11.5000
29/64 in 0.4531 11.5094
15/32 in 0.4688 11.9063
12 mm 0.4724 12.0000
31/64 in 0.4844 12.3031
12.5 mm 0.4921 12.5000
1/2 in 0.5000 12.7000
13 mm 0.5118 13.0000
33/64 in 0.5156 13.0969
17/32 in 0.5313 13.4938
13.5 mm 0.5315 13.5000
35/64 in 0.5469 13.8906
14 mm 0.5512 14.0000
9/16 in 0.5625 14.2875
14.5 mm 0.5709 14.5000
37/64 in 0.5781 14.6844
15 mm 0.5906 15.0000
19/32 in 0.5938 15.0813
39/64 in 0.6094 15.4781
15.5 mm 0.6102 15.5000
5/8 in 0.6250 15.8750
16 mm 0.6299 16.0000
41/64 in 0.6406 16.2719
16.5 mm 0.6496 16.5000
17 mm 0.6693 17.0000
43/64 in 0.6719 17.0656
11/16 in 0.6875 17.4625
17.5 mm 0.6890 17.5000
45/64 in 0.7031 17.8594
18 mm 0.7087 18.0000
23/32 in 0.7188 18.2563
18.5 mm 0.7284 18.5000
47/64 in 0.7344 18.6531
19 mm 0.7480 19.0000
3/4 in 0.7500 19.0500
49/64 in 0.7656 19.4469
19.5 mm 0.7677 19.5000
25/32 in 0.7813 19.8438
20 mm 0.7874 20.0000
51/64 in 0.7969 20.2406
20.5 mm 0.8071 20.5000
13/16 in 0.8125 20.6375
21 mm 0.8268 21.0000
53/64 in 0.8281 21.0344
27/32 in 0.8438 21.4313
21.5 mm 0.8465 21.5000
55/64 in 0.8594 21.8281
22 mm 0.8661 22.0000
7/8 in 0.8750 22.2250
22.5 mm 0.8858 22.5000
57/64 in 0.8906 22.6219
23 mm 0.9055 23.0000
29/32 in 0.9063 23.0188
21/23 in 0.9130 23.1913
59/64 in 0.9219 23.4156
23.5 mm 0.9252 23.5000
15/16 in 0.9375 23.8125
24 mm 0.9449 24.0000
61/64 in 0.9531 24.2094
24.5 mm 0.9646 24.5000
31/32 in 0.9688 24.6063
25 mm 0.9843 25.0000
63/64 in 0.9844 25.0031
1 in 1.0000 25.4000
25.5 mm 1.0039 25.5000
1 1/64 in 1.0156 25.7969
26 mm 1.0236 26.0000
1 1/32 in 1.0313 26.1938
26.5 mm 1.0433 26.5000
1 3/64 in 1.0469 26.5906
1 1/16 in 1.0625 26.9875
27 mm 1.0630 27.0000
1 5/64 in 1.0781 27.3844
27.5 mm 1.0827 27.5000
1 3/32 in 1.0938 27.7813
28 mm 1.1024 28.0000
1 7/64 in 1.1094 28.1781
28.5 mm 1.1221 28.5000
1 1/8 in 1.1250 28.5750
1 9/64 in 1.1406 28.9719
29 mm 1.1417 29.0000
1 5/32 in 1.1563 29.3688
29.5 mm 1.1614 29.5000
1 11/64 in 1.1719 29.7656
30 mm 1.1811 30.0000
1 3/16 in 1.1875 30.1625
30.5 mm 1.2008 30.5000
1 13/64 in 1.2031 30.5594
1 7/32 in 1.2188 30.9563
31 mm 1.2205 31.0000
1 15/64 in 1.2344 31.3531
31.5 mm 1.2402 31.5000
1 1/4 in 1.2500 31.7500
32 mm 1.2598 32.0000
1 17/64 in 1.2656 32.1469
32.5 mm 1.2795 32.5000
1 9/32 in 1.2813 32.5438
1 19/64 in 1.2969 32.9406
33 mm 1.2992 33.0000
1 5/16 in 1.3125 33.3375
33.5 mm 1.3189 33.5000
1 21/64 in 1.3281 33.7344
34 mm 1.3386 34.0000
1 11/32 in 1.3438 34.1313
34.5 mm 1.3583 34.5000
1 23/64 in 1.3594 34.5281
1 3/8 in 1.3750 34.9250
35 mm 1.3780 35.0000
1 25/64 in 1.3906 35.3219
35.5 mm 1.3976 35.5000
1 13/32 in 1.4063 35.7188
36 mm 1.4173 36.0000
1 27/64 in 1.4219 36.1156
36.5 mm 1.4370 36.5000
1 7/16 in 1.4375 36.5125
1 29/64 in 1.4531 36.9094
37 mm 1.4567 37.0000
1 15/32 in 1.4688 37.3063
37.5 mm 1.4764 37.5000
1 31/64 in 1.4844 37.7031
38 mm 1.4961 38.0000
1 1/2 in 1.5000 38.1000

The Drill Size Chart is necessary because imperial sizing, much like the English language, if full of bastard sizing and nomenclature.

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National Pipe Thread (NPT) Sizes / Dimensions

What is the outer diameter of a pipe thread?  Pipes are odd in that their size is based roughly on the inner diameter of the pipe.  So when you have a National Pipe Thead – NPT fitting, the thread size is actually much larger than the name implies.


Pipe thread sizes

Nominal
NPT Size		 Outer
Diameter
inch (mm)		 Threads
per inch		 Pitch
of Thread
inch (mm)
1/16“ 0.3125 in (7.94 mm) 27 0.03704 in (0.94082 mm)
⅛” 0.405 in (10.29 mm) 27 0.03704 in (0.94082 mm)
¼” 0.540 in (13.72 mm) 18 0.05556 in (1.41122 mm)
3/8″ 0.675 in (17.15 mm) 18 0.05556 in (1.41122 mm)
½” 0.840 in (21.34 mm) 14 0.07143 in (1.81432 mm)
¾” 1.050 in (26.67 mm) 14 0.07143 in (1.81432 mm)
1″ 1.315 in (33.40 mm) 11½ 0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)
1¼” 1.660 in (42.16 mm) 11½ 0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)
1½” 1.900 in (48.26 mm) 11½ 0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)
2″ 2.375 in (60.33 mm) 11½ 0.08696 in (2.20878 mm)
2½” 2.875 in (73.02 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
3″ 3.500 in (88.90 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
4″ 4.500 in (114.30 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
5″ 5.563 in (141.30 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
6″ 6.625 in (168.27 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
10″ 10.750 in (273.05 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
12″ 12.750 in (323.85 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
14″ OD 14 in (355.60 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
16″ OD 16 in (406.40 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
18″ OD 18 in (457.20 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
20″ OD 20 in (508.00 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
24″ OD 24 in (609.60 mm) 8 0.12500 in (3.175 mm)
Definition of pipe thread acronyms
NPT National Pipe Thread
FPT Female Pipe Thread
MPT Male Pipe Thread
PTF SAE short taper pipe thread – dryseal
NPTF American National taper pipe thread for dryseal pressure-tight joints
NPSM American National straight pipe thread for mechanical joints
NPSI American National straight intermediate pipe thread
GHT Garden Hose Thread
NST Fire Hose Thread
BSPT British Standard taper pipe thread (metric dimensions)
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Machinability of Metals

Machinability is the defined as the ease with which a material can be machined. The American Iron and Steel Institute has determined that AISI 1112 Steel has a machinability of 100%. Other materials are compared below:


Carbon Steels

  • 1015 – 72%
  • 1018 – 78%
  • 1020 – 72%
  • 1022 – 78%
  • 1030 – 70%
  • 1040 – 64%
  • 1042 – 64%
  • 1050 – 54%
  • 1095 – 42%
  • 1117 – 91%
  • 1137 – 72%
  • 1141 – 70%
  • 1141 annealed – 81%
  • 1144 – 76%
  • 1144 annealed – 85%
  • 1144 stress-proof – 83%
  • 1212 – 100%
  • 1213 – 136%
  • 12L14 – 170%
  • 1215 – 136%

Alloy Steels

  • 2355 annealed – 70%
  • 4130 annealed – 72%
  • 4140 annealed – 66%
  • 4142 annealed – 66%
  • 41L42 annealed – 77%
  • 4150 annealed – 60%
  • 4340 annealed – 57%
  • 4620 – 66%
  • 4820 annealed – 49%
  • 52100 annealed – 40%
  • 6150 annealed – 60%
  • 8620 – 66%
  • 86L20 – 77%
  • 9310 annealed – 51%

Stainless Steels and Super Alloys

  • 302 annealed – 45%
  • 303 annealed – 78%
  • 304 annealed – 45%
  • 316 annealed – 45%
  • 321 annealed – 36%
  • 347 annealed – 36%
  • 410 annealed – 54%
  • 416 annealed – 110%
  • 420 annealed – 45%
  • 430 annealed – 54%
  • 431 annealed – 45%
  • 440A – 45%
  • 15-5PH condition A – 48%
  • 17-4PH condition A – 48%
  • A286 aged – 33%
  • Hastelloy X – 19%

Tool Steels

  • A-2 – 42%
  • A-6 – 33%
  • D-2 – 27%
  • D-3 – 27%
  • M-2 – 39%
  • O-1 – 42%
  • O-2 – 42%

Gray Cast Iron

  • ASTM class 20 annealed – 73%
  • ASTM class 25 – 55%
  • ASTM class 30 – 48%
  • ASTM class 35 – 48%
  • ASTM class 40 – 48%
  • ASTM class 45 – 36%
  • ASTM class 50 – 36%

Nodular Ductile Iron

  • 60-40-18 annealed – 61%
  • 65-45-12 annealed – 61%
  • 80-55-06 – 39%

Aluminum / Magnesium Alloys

  • aluminum, cold drawn – 360%
  • aluminum, cast – 450%
  • aluminum, die cast – 76%
  • magnesium, cold drawn – 480%
  • magnesium, cast – 480%
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Table of Steel Equivalent Grades (EN, SAE/AISI, UNS, DIN, BS, UNI, JIS)

The table below compares steel equivalent grades of materials from various international specifications.  Note that materials compared are the nearest available grade and may have slight variations in actual chemistry.

Comparison of steel grades by chemistry
EN # EN name SAE UNS DIN BS 970 UNI JIS
Carbon steels
1.1141
1.0401
1.0453		 C15D
C18D		 1018 CK15
C15
C16.8		 040A15
080M15
080A15
EN3B		 C15
C16
1C15		 S15
S15CK
S15C
1.0503
1.1191
1.1193
1.1194		 C45 1045 C45
CK45
CF45
CQ45		 060A47
080A46
080M46		 C45
1C45
C46
C43		 S45C
S48C
1.0726
1.0727		 35S20
45S20		 1140/1146 35S20
45S20		 212M40
En8M
1.0715
1.0736		 11SMn37 1215 9SMn28
9SMn36		 230M07
En1A		 CF9SMn28
CF9SMn36		 SUM 25
SUM 22
1.0718
1.0737		 11SMnPb30
11SMnPb37		 12L14 9SMnPb28
9SMnPb36		 230M07 Leaded
En1A Leaded		 CF9SMnPb29
CF9SMnPb36		 SUM 22L
SUM 23L
SUM 24L
Alloy steels
1.7218 4130 25CrMo4
GS-25CrMo4		 708A30
CDS110		 25CrMo4 (KB)
30CrMo4		 SCM 420
SCM 430
SCCrM1
1.7223
1.7225
1.7227
1.3563		 42CrMo4 4140/4142 41CrMo4
42CrMo4
42CrMoS4
43CrMo4		 708M40
708A42
709M40
En19
En19C		 41CrMo4
38CrMo4 (KB)
G40 CrMo4
42CrMo4		 SCM 440
SCM 440H
SNB 7
SCM 4M
SCM 4
1.6582
1.6562		 34CrNiMo6 4340 34CrNiMo6
40NiCrMo8-4		 817M40
En24		 35NiCrMo6 (KB)
40NiCrMo7 (KB)		 SNCM 447
SNB24-1-5
1.6543
1.6523		 20NiCrMo2-2 8620 21NiCrMo22
21NiCrMo2		 805A20
805M20		 20NiCrMo2 SNCM 200 (H)
Stainless steels
1.4310 X10CrNi18-8 301 S30100
1.4318 X2CrNiN18-7 301LN
1.4305 X8CrNiS18-9 303 S30300 X10CrNiS18-9 202S 21
En58M		 X10CrNiS18-09 SUS 303
1.4301 X2CrNi19-11
X2CrNi18-10		 304 S30400 X5CrNi18-9
X5CrNi18-10
XCrNi19-9		 304S 15
304S 16
304S 18
304S 25
En58E		 X5CrNi18-10 SUS 304
SUS 304-CSP
1.4306 X2CrNi19-11 304L S30403 304S 11 SUS304L
1.4311 X2CrNiN18-10 304LN S30453
1.4948 X6CrNi18-11 304H S30409
1.4303 X5CrNi18-12 305 S30500
1.4401
1.4436		 X5CrNiMo17-12-2
X5CrNiMo18-14-3		 316 S31600 X5CrNiMo17 12 2
X5CrNiMo17 13 3
X5CrNiMo 19 11
X5CrNiMo 18 11		 316S 29
316S 31
316S 33
En58J		 X5CrNiMo17 12
X5CrNiMo17 13
X8CrNiMo17 13		 SUS 316
SUS316TP
1.4404 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 316L S31603 316S 11 SUS316L
1.4406
1.4429		 X2CrNiMoN17-12-2
X2CrNiMoN17-13-3		 316LN S31653
1.4571 316Ti S31635 X6CrNiMoTi17-12 320S 33
1.4438 X2CrNiMo18-15-4 317L S31703
1.4541 321 S32100 X6CrNiTi18-10 321S 31 SUS321
1.4878 X12CrNiTi18-9 321H S32109
1.4512 X6CrTi12 409 S40900
410 S41000
1.4016 430 S43000 X6Cr17 430S 17 SUS430
440A S44002
1.4112 440B S44003
1.4125 440C S44004
1.4104 440F S44020 X14CrMoS17 SUS430F
1.4539 X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5 904L N08904
1.4547 X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7 S31254
Tool steels
1.2363 X100CrMoV5 A-2 X100CrMoV51 BA 2 X100CrMoV5-1 KU SKD 12
1.2379 X153CrMoV12 D-2 X153CrMoV12-1 BD 2 X155CrVMo12-1 SKD 11
1.2510 O-1 100MnCrW4 Bo 1 95MnWCr-5 KU

Remember to note that steel equivalent grades may have slight variations in chemistry between specifications.  These are simply the closed grades commonly available in difference national / international specifications.

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AISI / SAE STEEL NUMBERING SYSTEM

The AISI / SAE Steel numbering system has some logic to it that will help you identify some key points right away even if you are not familiar with a particular grade.


  • The first two numbers indicate the alloy according the the chart below.
  • The last two numbers indicate the amount of carbon in the alloy, where the digits “10”, for example, represent 0.10% carbon.

Example AISI/SAE 1020

  • the first two digits indicate this is plain carbon steel.
  • the last two digits indicates that the steel contains approximately 0.20% carbon.

Example AISI/SAE 4340

  • the first two digits indicate this is a Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum alloy steel
  • the last two digits indicate that the steel contains approximately 0.4% carbon
AISI/SAE Steel Numbering System
Carbon steels 10XX Plain carbon, Mn 1.00% max
11XX Resulfurized free machining
12XX Resulfurized/rephosphorized free machining
15XX Plain carbon, Mn 1.00-1.65%
Manganese steel 13XX Mn 1.75%
Nickel steels 23XX Ni 3.50%
25XX Ni 5.00%
Nickel-chromium steels 31XX Ni 1.25%, Cr .65-.80%
32XX Ni 1.75%, Cr 1.07%
33XX Ni 3.50%, Cr 1.50-1.57%
34XX Ni 3.00%, Cr .77%
Molybdenum steels 40XX Mo .20-.25%
44XX Mo .40-.52%
Chromium-molybdenum steels 41XX Cr .50-.95%, Mo .12-.30%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels 43XX Ni 1.82%, Cr .50-.80%, Mo .25%
47XX Ni 1.05%, Cr .45%, Mo .20-.35%
Nickel-molybdenum steels 46XX Ni .85-1.82%, Mo .20-.25%
48XX Ni 3.50%, Mo .25%
Chromium steels 50XX Cr .27-.65%
51XX Cr .80-1.05%
50XXX Cr .50%, C 1.00% min
51XXX Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min
52XXX Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min
Chromium-vanadium steels 61XX Cr .60-.95%, V .10-.15%
Tungsten-chromium steels 72XX W 1.75%, Cr .75%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels 81XX Ni .30%, Cr .40%, Mo .12%
86XX Ni .55%, Cr .50%, Mo .20%
87XX Ni .55%, Cr .50%, Mo .25%
88XX Ni .55%, Cr .50%, Mo .35%
Silicon-manganese steels 92XX Si 1.40-2.00%, Mn .65-.85%, Cr 0-.65%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels 93XX Ni 3.25%, Cr 1.20%, Mo .12%
94XX Ni .45%, Cr .40%, Mo .12%
97XX Ni .55%, Cr .20%, Mo .20%
98XX Ni 1.00%, Cr .80%, Mo .25%
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Sheet Metal Gauge Chart – Steel, Stainless, Aluminum, Tubing

Damn you, sheet metal gods!  Why did you create such a stupid system where a “gauge” of one type of metal is a different thickness than the same “gauge” of another metal?   The sheet metal gauge chart will help you with your struggle to pick a ‘standard’ size sheet metal whey you are working on a sheet metal design.


All Dimensions in Inches

Gauge # Sheet Steel Strip & Tubing Aluminum Stainless Steel
6/0
5/0
4/0
3/0
2/0		 —-
—-
—-
—-
—-		 —-
.500
.454
.425
.380		 .5800
.5165
.4600
.4096
.3648		 .4687
.4375
.4062
.3750
.3437
0
1
2
3
4
5		 —-
—-
—-
.2391
.2242
.2092		 .340
.300
.284
.259
.238
.220		 .3249
.2893
.2576
.2294
.2043
.1819		 .3125
.2812
.2656
.2500
.2344
.2187
6
7
8
9
10
11		 .1943
.1793
.1644
.1495
.1345
.1196		 .203
.180
.165
.148
.134
.120		 .1620
.1443
.1285
.1144
.1019
.0907		 .2031
.1875
.1719
.1562
.1406
.1250
12
13
14
15
16
17		 .1046
.0897
.0747
.0673
.0598
.0538		 .109
.095
.083
.072
.065
.058		 .0808
.0720
.0641
.0571
.0508
.0453		 .1094
.0937
.0781
.0703
.0625
.0562
18
19
20
21
22
23		 .0478
.0418
.0359
.0329
.0299
.0269		 .049
.042
.035
.032
.028
.025		 .0403
.0359
.0320
.0285
.0253
.0226		 .0500
.0437
.0375
.0344
.0312
.0281
24
25
26
27
28
29		 .0239
.0209
.0179
.0164
.0149
.0135		 .022
.020
.018
.016
.014
.013		 .0201
.0179
.0159
.0142
.0126
.0113		 .0250
.0219
.0187
.0172
.0156
.0141
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38		 .0120
.0105
.0097
.0090
.0082
.0075
.0067
.0064
.0060		 .012
.010
.009
.008
.007
.005
.004
—-
—-		 .0100
.0089
.0080
.0071
.0063
.0056
.0050
.0045
.0040		 .0125
.0109
.0102
.0094
.0086
.0078
.0070
.0066
.0062

Remember, mechanical engineers, if you ever serve on a standards or specifications committee, don’t make up stupid rules and specifications just to be different.  Try to make things common so you don’t need extra tools like this sheet metal gauge chart which should be totally unnecessary.

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SCHEDULE 40 & 80 – NPS PIPE DIMENSIONS (PVC, CPVC, ABS)

It’s not necessarily the most frequently needed specification, but you might find yourself needing to know the pipe dimensions from time to time.  Things like ID, OD, wall thickness for a given NPT pipe size are not obvious without a table to reference.


Schedule 40 Pipe Dimensions

Nom. Pipe Size (in) O.D. Average I.D. Min. Wall Nom. Wt./Ft. Max. W.P. PSI
1/8″ 0.405 0.249 0.068 0.051 810
1/4″ 0.540 0.344 0.088 0.086 780
3/8″ 0.675 0.473 0.091 0.115 620
1/2″ 0.840 0.602 0.109 0.170 600
3/4″ 1.050 0.804 0.113 0.226 480
1″ 1.315 1.029 0.133 0.333 450
1-1/4″ 1.660 1.360 0.140 0.450 370
1-1/2″ 1.900 1.590 0.145 0.537 330
2″ 2.375 2.047 0.154 0.720 280
2-1/2″ 2.875 2.445 0.203 1.136 300
3″ 3.500 3.042 0.216 1.488 260
3-1/2″ 4.000 3.521 0.226 1.789 240
4″ 4.500 3.998 0.237 2.118 220
5″ 5.563 5.016 0.258 2.874 190
6″ 6.625 6.031 0.280 3.733 180
8″ 8.625 7.942 0.322 5.619 160
10″ 10.750 9.976 0.365 7.966 140
12″ 12.750 11.889 0.406 10.534 130
14″ 14.000 13.073 0.437 12.462 130
16″ 16.000 14.940 0.500 16.286 130
18″ 18.000 16.809 0.562 20.587 130
20″ 20.000 18.743 0.593 24.183 120
24″ 24.000 22.544 0.687 33.652 120

Schedule 80 Dimensions

Nom. Pipe Size (in) O.D. Average I.D. Min. Wall Nom. Wt./Ft. Max. W.P. PSI
1/8″ .405 .195 0.095 0.063 1230
1/4″ .540 .282 0.119 0.105 1130
3/8″ .675 .403 0.126 0.146 920
1/2″ .840 .526 0.147 0.213 850
3/4″ 1.050 .722 0.154 0.289 690
1″ 1.315 .936 0.179 0.424 630
1-1/4″ 1.660 1.255 0.191 0.586 520
1-1/2″ 1.900 1.476 0.200 0.711 470
2″ 2.375 1.913 0.218 0.984 400
2-1/2″ 2.875 2.290 0.276 1.500 420
3″ 3.500 2.864 0.300 2.010 370
3-1/2″ 4.000 3.326 0.318 2.452 350
4″ 4.500 3.786 0.337 2.938 320
5″ 5.563 4.768 0.375 4.078 290
6″ 6.625 5.709 0.432 5.610 280
8″ 8.625 7.565 0.500 8.522 250
10″ 10.750 9.493 0.593 12.635 230
12″ 12.750 11.294 0.687 17.384 230
14″ 14.000 12.410 0.750 20.852 220
16″ 16.000 14.213 0.843 26.810 220
18″ 18.000 16.014 0.937 33.544 220
20″ 20.000 17.814 1.031 41.047 220
24″ 24.000 21.418 1.218 58.233 210